BUDGETING I
A.
BUDGETING
· Istilahnya
sama dengan Profit Planning
(Perencanaan Laba)
Profit
Planning
Pengembangan
rencana operasional untuk capai salah satu tujuan operasi perusahaan yaitu laba.
Berisi anggaran operasi yang detail dan anggaran laporan keuangan.
· Istilahnya
berbeda dengan Forecast
Budgeting/Profit
Planning : cerminkan tingkat laba yang diharapkan berusaha dicapai
Forecast :
semata-mata prediksi apa yang akan terjadi dengan bisnis perusahaan.
· Ada 3 pendekatan untuk menyusun tujuan laba perusahaan
1.
A Priori Method
Profit dominasi
Perencanaan. Tetapkan tingkat laba dulu baru rencana realisasinya
2.
A Posteriori Method
3.
Pragmatic method
Menggunakn standar
profit yang telah diuji sebelumnya berdasarkan pengalaman
B.
LONG RANGE PROFIT PLANNING
· Proses berkelanjutan untuk membuat
keputusan saat ini secara sistematis, dengan pengetahuan terbaik mengenai
kondisi pada masa yang akan datang, organizing
upaya-upaya untuk merealisasikan rencana, dan melakukan evaluasi.
· Tidak dapat dinyatakan
dalam istilah dan angka karena tergantung kondisi di masa depan
· Berdasarkan
trend ekonomi, perubahan pasar, populasi, konsumsi, produksi menjadi salah satu
pertimbangan dalam ini. Serta forecast juga dibuat berdasarkan hal-hal
tersebut.
·
Long range
sangat terkait dan dirinci dalam shorter range budget
·
Short range
budget dapat mengkover periode 3.6.12 tergantung sifat perusahaan
D.
ADVANTAGES OF PROFIT PLANNING
· Menyediakan
pendekatan yang disiplin dalam identifikasi dan selesikan masalah
· Berikan
arahan pada semua tigkat manajemen
· Tingkatkan
koordinasi
· Berikan jalan
untuk mendaftar semua ide dan kerjasama untuk semua level manajemen
· Sediakan
ukuran untuk evaluasi kinerja aktual dan ukur kemampuan individu
E.
LIMITATION PROFIT PLAN
· Foerecasting
bukan pengetahuan pasti hanya estimsi jumlah tertentu saja
· Budget dapat
memberikan fokus kepada manajemen tapi kadang tidak sesuai dengan tujuan-tujuan
perusahaan lainnya
· Profit plan
perlu komitmen antar semua pihak
· Penggunaan
anggaran yang berlebh untuk evaluasi tidak bagus
· Instalasi dan
perencaan butuh waktu panjang
F.
PRINCIPLE OF BUDGETING
·
Melibatkan
seluruh pegawai
·
Menghilangkan
suasana penolakan
·
Terstruktur
untuk enjamin tercapainya tujuan
·
Mempertimbangkan
kondisi dan asumsi
· Ada petunjuk
yang jelas sehingga semua manajemen memiliki asumsi & tujuan yang sama
G.
CONTOH
Diketahui :
Franklin CO. Memproduksi produk A, B, C yang
dipasarkan di 2 daerah Timur dan Barat.
produk
|
Sales
|
Harga ( $ per unit )
|
|
Timur (unit)
|
Barat (unit)
|
||
A
|
4000
|
3000
|
200
|
B
|
6000
|
5000
|
150
|
C
|
9000
|
6000
|
100
|
Inventories
|
||||||
Materials:
|
||||||
Material
|
Beg. Inv (unit)
|
End. Inv (unit)
|
Unit Cost
|
|||
X
|
30.000
|
40.000
|
$1,00
|
|||
Y
|
10.000
|
12.000
|
14,00
|
|||
Z
|
2.000
|
2.500
|
2,50
|
|||
Work in Process: tidak ada
baik awal maupun akhir.
|
||||||
Finished Goods (FIFO):
|
||||||
Beg. Inv.
|
Unit in End. Inv
|
|||||
Produk
|
Unit
|
Unit Cost
|
||||
A
|
200
|
$140
|
250
|
|||
B
|
400
|
95
|
200
|
|||
C
|
500
|
75
|
400
|
|||
Materials Quantity Requirements and
Unit Cost
|
|||
Material
|
|||
X
|
Y
|
Z
|
|
Produk A
|
12
|
5
|
2
|
Produk B
|
8
|
3
|
1
|
Produk C
|
6
|
2
|
1
|
Material unit cost
|
$1
|
$14
|
$2.5
|
Inventories
|
||||||
Materials:
|
||||||
Material
|
Beg. Inv (unit)
|
End. Inv (unit)
|
Unit Cost
|
|||
X
|
30.000
|
40.000
|
$1,00
|
|||
Y
|
10.000
|
12.000
|
14,00
|
|||
Z
|
2.000
|
2.500
|
2,50
|
|||
Work
in Process: tidak ada baik awal maupun akhir.
|
||||||
Finished
Goods (FIFO):
|
||||||
Beg. Inv.
|
Unit in End. Inv
|
|||||
Produk
|
Unit
|
Unit Cost
|
||||
A
|
200
|
$140
|
250
|
|||
B
|
400
|
95
|
200
|
|||
C
|
500
|
75
|
400
|
|||
Materials Quantity Requirements and
Unit Cost
|
|||
Material
|
|||
X
|
Y
|
Z
|
|
Produk
A
|
12
|
5
|
2
|
Produk
B
|
8
|
3
|
1
|
Produk
C
|
6
|
2
|
1
|
Material
unit cost
|
$1
|
$14
|
$2.5
|
Labor Time Requirements and
Departmental Labor Rate
|
|||
Cutting (jam)
|
Assembling (jam)
|
Finishing (jam)
|
|
Produk
A
|
0,500
|
2,50
|
0,8
|
Produk
B
|
0,375
|
2,00
|
0,5
|
Produk
C
|
0,375
|
1,75
|
0,5
|
Tarif
per jam kerja
|
$8
|
$10
|
$9
|
Estimated
Cutting Dept. Machine Time Required for Each Unit of Product
|
|||
Produk A
|
Produk B
|
Produk C
|
|
Machine
time (hours)
|
0,8
|
0,6
|
0,4
|
Commercial
Expenses and Income Tax
|
|||
Marketing
expenses
|
:
|
$356,790
|
|
Administrative
expenses
|
:
|
290,000
|
|
Income
tax rate
|
:
|
40%
|
|
Budgeted
Factory Overhead
|
||||||
Cutting Dept.
|
Assembling Dept.
|
Finishing Dept.
|
||||
Fixed Cost
|
Variable
rate (per jam mesin)
|
Fixed Cost
|
Variable
rate (per labor hour)
|
Fixed Cost
|
Variable
rate (per labor hour)
|
|
Indirect
materials & supplies
|
$5,957
|
$.35
|
$9,949
|
$.50
|
$6,185
|
$.20
|
Indirect
labor
|
25,000
|
.50
|
25,000
|
.20
|
22,000
|
1.00
|
Payroll
taxes
|
13,030
|
.05
|
67,800
|
.02
|
56,585
|
.10
|
Employee
fringe benefits
|
14,333
|
-
|
74,580
|
-
|
62,244
|
-
|
Equipment
depreciation
|
5,000
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
2,000
|
-
|
Small
tools
|
-
|
-
|
2,500
|
.25
|
-
|
-
|
Repairs
and maintenance
|
2,000
|
.10
|
1,500
|
.10
|
1,500
|
.10
|
Allocated
building costs
|
1,000
|
-
|
1,000
|
-
|
1,000
|
-
|
Allocated
general factory cost
|
6,000
|
-
|
9,000
|
-
|
7,500
|
-
|
Franklin Company
|
|||
Schedule 1 -- Sales Budget
|
|||
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
|||
Wilayah
|
|||
ProdukA
|
Timur
|
Barat
|
Total
|
Unit
|
4.000
|
3.000
|
7.000
|
Unit price
|
$ 200
|
$ 200
|
$ 200
|
Total
|
$
800,000
|
$
600,000
|
$1,400,000
|
ProdukB
|
|||
Unit
|
6.000
|
5.000
|
11.000
|
Unit price
|
$ 150
|
$ 150
|
$ 150
|
Total
|
$
900,000
|
$
750,000
|
$1,650,000
|
ProdukC
|
|||
Unit
|
4.000
|
3.000
|
7.000
|
Unit price
|
$ 200
|
$ 200
|
$ 200
|
Total
|
$
800,000
|
$
600,000
|
$1,500,000
|
Total
Sales
|
$2,600,000
|
$1,950,000
|
$4,550,000
|
Franklin Company
|
|||||
Schedule 2 -- Production Budget
|
|||||
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
|||||
Produk A
|
Produk B
|
Produk C
|
|||
Unit
required to meet sales budget (S.1)
|
7.000
|
11.000
|
15.000
|
||
Add
desired ending inventory
|
250
|
200
|
400
|
||
Total
units required
|
7.250
|
11.200
|
15.400
|
||
Less
beginning inventory
|
200
|
400
|
500
|
||
Planned
production for the year
|
7.050
|
10.800
|
14.900
|
||
Franklin Company
|
||||||||||
Schedule 3 – Direct Material Budget
in Units
|
||||||||||
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
||||||||||
Material X
|
Material Y
|
Material Z
|
||||||||
Produk A
|
||||||||||
Unit
A to be manufactured (S.2)
|
7.050
|
7.050
|
7.050
|
|||||||
Material
quantity required per unit of A
|
12
|
5
|
2
|
|||||||
Unit
of materials required
|
84.600
|
35.250
|
14.100
|
|||||||
Produk B
|
||||||||||
Unit
A to be manufactured (S.2)
|
10.800
|
10.800
|
10.800
|
|||||||
Material
quantity required per unit of B
|
8
|
3
|
1
|
|||||||
Unit
of materials required
|
86.400
|
32.400
|
10.800
|
|||||||
Produk C
|
||||||||||
Unit
A to be manufactured (S.2)
|
14.900
|
14.900
|
14.900
|
|||||||
Material
quantity required per unit of C
|
6
|
2
|
1
|
|||||||
Unit
of materials required
|
89.400
|
29.800
|
14.900
|
|||||||
Total units of material required
|
260.400
|
97.450
|
39.800
|
|||||||
Franklin Company
|
||||||||||
Schedule 4 – Purchases Budget
|
||||||||||
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
||||||||||
Material X
|
Material Y
|
Material Z
|
Total
|
|||||||
Unit
required for production (S.3)
|
260.400
|
97.450
|
39.800
|
|||||||
Add
desired ending inventory
|
40.000
|
12.000
|
2.500
|
|||||||
Quantity
required
|
300.400
|
109.450
|
42.300
|
|||||||
Less
beginning inventory
|
30.000
|
10.000
|
2.000
|
|||||||
Units
to be purchased
|
270.400
|
99.450
|
40.300
|
|||||||
Unit
cost
|
$ 1,0
|
$ 14,0
|
$ 2,5
|
|||||||
Total
cost of purchases
|
$270.400
|
$1.392.300
|
$100.750
|
$1.763.450
|
||||||
Franklin Company
|
||||
Schedule 5 – Cost of Materials
Required for Production Budget
|
||||
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
||||
Material X
|
Material Y
|
Material Z
|
Total
|
|
Produk A
|
||||
Unit
required for production (S.3)
|
84.600
|
35.250
|
14.100
|
|
Unit
cost
|
1,0
|
14,0
|
2.5
|
|
Total
|
$
84.600
|
$
493.500
|
$
35.250
|
$
613.350
|
Produk B
|
||||
Unit
required for production (S.3)
|
86.400
|
32.400
|
10.800
|
|
Unit
cost
|
1,0
|
14,0
|
2.5
|
|
Total
|
$
86.400
|
$
453.600
|
$
27.000
|
$
567.000
|
Produk C
|
||||
Unit
required for production (S.3)
|
89.400
|
29.800
|
14.900
|
|
Unit
cost
|
1,0
|
14,0
|
2.5
|
|
Total
|
$
89.400
|
$
417.200
|
$
37.250
|
$
543.850
|
Total
cost of materials
|
$260.400
|
$1.364.300
|
$
99.500
|
$1.724.200
|
Direct
Labor Budget
Franklin Company
|
||||
Schedule 6 – Direckt Labor Budget
|
||||
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
||||
Produk A
|
Produk B
|
Produk C
|
Total
|
|
Cutting Departement
|
||||
Unit
to be manufactured (S.2)
|
7.050
|
10.800
|
14.900
|
|
Hours
required per unit
|
0,500
|
0,375
|
0,375
|
|
Total
hours required
|
3.525
|
4.050
|
5.587,5
|
13.162,5
|
Departemental
labor rate
|
$ 8
|
$ 8
|
$ 8
|
$ 8
|
Total
departemental labor cost
|
$
28.200
|
$
32.400
|
$
44.700
|
$105.300
|
Assembling Departement
|
||||
Unit
to be manufactured (S.2)
|
7.050
|
10.800
|
14.900
|
|
Hours
required per unit
|
2,50
|
2,00
|
1,75
|
|
Total
hours required
|
17.625
|
21.600
|
26.075
|
65.300
|
Departemental
labor rate
|
$ 10
|
$ 10
|
$ 10
|
$ 10
|
Total
departemental labor cost
|
$
176.250
|
$
216.000
|
$
260.750
|
$653.000
|
Finishing Departement
|
||||
Unit
to be manufactured (S.2)
|
7.050
|
10.800
|
14.900
|
|
Hours
required per unit
|
0,800
|
0,500
|
0,500
|
|
Total
hours required
|
5.640
|
5.400
|
7.450
|
18.490
|
Departemental
labor rate
|
$ 9
|
$ 9
|
$ 9
|
$ 9
|
Total
departemental labor cost
|
$
50.760
|
$
48.600
|
$
67.050
|
$166.410
|
Total
direct labor cost
|
$255.210
|
$297.000
|
$372.500
|
$924.710
|
Factory
Overhead Budget
Franklin Company
|
||||
Schedule 7 – Cutting Dept. Budgeted
Machine Hours
|
||||
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
||||
Produk A
|
Produk B
|
Produk C
|
Total
|
|
Unit
to be manufactured (S.2)
|
7.050
|
10.800
|
14.900
|
|
Hours
of machine time per unit
|
0,80
|
0,60
|
0,40
|
|
Total
machine hours required
|
5.640
|
6.480
|
5.960
|
18.080
|
Franklin Company
|
|||||
Schedule 8 – Factory Overhead and
Departmental Rates
|
|||||
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
|||||
Fixed
Cost
|
Variable
Cost Rate
|
Budgeted
Activity
|
Variable
Cost
|
Total
|
|
Cutting
Dept.
|
|||||
Indirect materials & supplies
|
$5,957
|
$.35
|
18.080
|
$6.328
|
$12.285
|
Indirect labor
|
25,000
|
.50
|
18.080
|
9.040
|
34.040
|
Payroll taxes
|
13,030
|
.05
|
18.080
|
904
|
13.934
|
Employee fringe benefits
|
14,333
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
14.333
|
Equipment depreciation
|
5,000
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
5.000
|
Repairs and maintenance
|
2,000
|
-
|
18.080
|
1.808
|
3.808
|
Allocated building costs
|
1,000
|
.10
|
-
|
-
|
1.000
|
Allocated general factory cost
|
6,000
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
6.000
|
Total departmental FOH
|
-
|
$90.400
|
|||
Budgeted machine hour (S.7)
|
18.080
|
||||
Rate
|
$ 5
|
||||
Assembling
Dept.
|
|||||
Indirect materials & supplies
|
$9,949
|
$.50
|
65.300
|
$32.650
|
$42599
|
Indirect labor
|
25,000
|
.20
|
65.300
|
13.060
|
38.060
|
Payroll taxes
|
67,800
|
.02
|
65.300
|
1.306
|
69.106
|
Employee fringe benefits
|
74,580
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
74.580
|
Small tools
|
2,500
|
.25
|
65.300
|
16.325
|
18.825
|
Repairs and maintenance
|
1,500
|
.10
|
65.300
|
6.530
|
8.030
|
Allocated building costs
|
1,000
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
1.000
|
Allocated general factory cost
|
9,000
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
9.000
|
Total dept. FOH
|
$261.200
|
||||
Labor hours (S.6)
|
65.300
|
||||
Rate
|
$4
|
||||
Finishing
Dept.
|
|||||
Indirect materials & supplies
|
$6,185
|
$.20
|
18.490
|
$
3.698
|
$
9.883
|
Indirect labor
|
22,000
|
1.00
|
18.490
|
18.490
|
40.490
|
Payroll taxes
|
56,585
|
.10
|
18.490
|
1.849
|
58.434
|
Employee fringe benefits
|
62,244
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
62.244
|
Equipment depreciation
|
2,000
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
2.000
|
Repairs and maintenance
|
1,500
|
.10
|
18.490
|
1.849
|
3.349
|
Allocated building costs
|
1,000
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
1.000
|
Allocated general factory cost
|
7,500
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
7.500
|
Total dept. FOH
|
$184.900
|
||||
Labor hours (S.6)
|
18.490
|
||||
Rate
|
$ 10
|
||||
Cutting
dept. budgeted FOH
|
$
90.400
|
||||
Ass.
dept. budgeted FOH
|
261.200
|
||||
Finishing
dept. budgeted FOH
|
184.900
|
||||
Total
Budgeted FOH
|
$536.500
|
||||
Franklin Company
|
||||||
Schedule 9 – Budgeted Unit Product
Cost
|
||||||
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
||||||
A
input Quntity
|
Input
unit cost
|
Cost
per unit A
|
B
input quantity
|
Input
unit cost
|
Cost
per unit A
|
|
Materials:
|
||||||
X
|
12
|
$
1,0
|
$12
|
8
|
$
1,0
|
$
8,0
|
Y
|
5
|
14
|
70
|
3
|
14,0
|
42,0
|
Z
|
2
|
2,5
|
5
|
1
|
2,5
|
2,5
|
Total
|
$87
|
$52,5
|
||||
Direct
labor:
|
||||||
Cutting Dept.
|
0,5
|
$
8
|
$
4,0
|
0,375
|
$
8
|
$3,0
|
Assembling Dept.
|
2,5
|
10
|
25,0
|
2,000
|
10
|
20
|
Finishing Dept.
|
0,8
|
9
|
7,2
|
0,500
|
9
|
4,5
|
Total
|
$36,2
|
$27,5
|
||||
Applied
overhead:
|
||||||
Cutting Dept (MH basis)
|
0,8
|
$
5
|
$
4
|
0,6
|
$
5
|
$3
|
Ass. Dept (DLH basis)
|
2,5
|
4
|
10
|
2,0
|
4
|
8
|
Finish. Dept. (DLH basis)
|
0,8
|
10
|
8
|
0,5
|
10
|
5
|
Total
|
$22
|
$16
|
||||
Total
Cost per unit
|
$145,2
|
$96
|
||||
Franklin Company
|
||||||
Schedule 10 – Beginning and Ending
Inventories Budget
|
||||||
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
||||||
Beginning Inventory
|
Ending Inventory
|
|||||
Units
|
Cost
|
Total
|
Units
|
Cost
|
Total
|
|
Materials:
|
||||||
X
|
30.000
|
$
1,0
|
$
30.000
|
40.000
|
$
1,0
|
$
40.000
|
Y
|
10.000
|
14
|
140.000
|
12.000
|
14,0
|
168.000
|
Z
|
2.000
|
2,5
|
5.000
|
2.500
|
2,5
|
6.250
|
Total
|
$175.000
|
$214.250
|
||||
Work
in process: None
|
||||||
Finished
goods:
|
||||||
Produk A
|
200
|
$140
|
$28.000
|
250
|
$140
|
$36.300
|
Produk B
|
400
|
95
|
38.000
|
200
|
95
|
19.200
|
Produk C
|
500
|
75
|
37.500
|
400
|
75
|
30.200
|
$103.500
|
$85.700
|
|||||
$278.500
|
$299.950
|
|||||
Franklin Company
|
|
Schedule 11 – Budgeted Cost of Goods
Manufactured and Sold Statement
|
|
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
|
Materials:
|
|
Beginning inventory (S.10)
|
$
175.000
|
Add purchases (S.4)
|
1.763.450
|
Total mateials abailable for use
|
$1.938.450
|
Less ending inventory (S.10)
|
214.250
|
Cost of materials used (S.5)
|
$1.724.200
|
Direct
labor (S.6)
|
924.710
|
Factory
overhead (S.8)
|
536.500
|
Total
manufacturing cost
|
$3.185.410
|
Add
beginning finished goods inventory (S.10)
|
103.500
|
Cost
of goods abailable for sale
|
$3.288.910
|
Less
ending finished goods inventory (S.10)
|
85.700
|
Cost
of goods sold
|
$3.203.210
|
Franklin Company
|
||
Schedule 12 – Budgeted Income
Statement
|
||
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
|
||
Sales
(S.1)
|
$4.550.000
|
|
Cost
of goods sold (S.11)
|
3.203.210
|
|
Gross
profit
|
$1.346.790
|
|
Commercial
expenses:
|
||
Marketing expenses
|
$356.790
|
|
Administrative expenses
|
290.000
|
646.790
|
Income
before income tax
|
$700.000
|
|
Less
provision for income tax 40%
|
280.000
|
|
Net
income
|
$420.000
|
|
Sumber :
PPT budgeting : profits, sales, cost and expenses oleh
Agung Dinarjito
Ringkasan Cost Accounting 13th ed, Charter and Usry, Bab
15 Budgeting : : profits, sales, cost and expenses
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