BUDGETING I
A.      BUDGETING
·       Istilahnya sama dengan Profit Planning (Perencanaan Laba)
Profit Planning 
Pengembangan rencana operasional untuk capai salah satu tujuan operasi perusahaan yaitu laba. Berisi anggaran operasi yang detail dan anggaran laporan keuangan.
·       Istilahnya berbeda dengan Forecast
Budgeting/Profit Planning : cerminkan tingkat laba yang diharapkan berusaha dicapai
Forecast : semata-mata prediksi apa yang akan terjadi dengan bisnis perusahaan.
·        Ada 3 pendekatan untuk menyusun tujuan laba perusahaan
1.       A Priori Method
Profit dominasi Perencanaan. Tetapkan tingkat laba dulu baru rencana realisasinya
2.       A Posteriori Method
Tujuan laba menjadi bagian perencanaan dan diidentifikasi sebagai hasil perencanaan
3.       Pragmatic method
Menggunakn standar profit yang telah diuji sebelumnya berdasarkan pengalaman
B.      LONG RANGE PROFIT PLANNING
·   Proses berkelanjutan untuk membuat keputusan saat ini secara sistematis, dengan pengetahuan terbaik mengenai kondisi pada masa yang akan datang, organizing upaya-upaya untuk merealisasikan rencana, dan melakukan evaluasi.
·   Tidak dapat dinyatakan dalam istilah dan angka karena tergantung kondisi di masa depan
·    Berdasarkan trend ekonomi, perubahan pasar, populasi, konsumsi, produksi menjadi salah satu pertimbangan dalam ini. Serta forecast juga dibuat berdasarkan hal-hal tersebut.
C.      SHORT RANGE BUDGET
·         Long range sangat terkait dan dirinci dalam shorter range budget
·         Short range budget dapat mengkover periode 3.6.12 tergantung sifat perusahaan
D.      ADVANTAGES OF PROFIT PLANNING
·      Menyediakan pendekatan yang disiplin dalam identifikasi dan selesikan masalah
·      Berikan arahan pada semua tigkat manajemen
·      Tingkatkan koordinasi
·      Berikan jalan untuk mendaftar semua ide dan kerjasama untuk semua level manajemen
·      Sediakan ukuran untuk evaluasi kinerja aktual dan ukur kemampuan individu
E.      LIMITATION PROFIT PLAN
·       Foerecasting bukan pengetahuan pasti hanya estimsi jumlah tertentu saja
·    Budget dapat memberikan fokus kepada manajemen tapi kadang tidak sesuai dengan tujuan-tujuan perusahaan lainnya
·       Profit plan perlu komitmen antar semua pihak
·       Penggunaan anggaran yang berlebh untuk evaluasi tidak bagus
·       Profit plan tidak bisa mengganti peran administrasi
·       Instalasi dan perencaan butuh waktu panjang
F.      PRINCIPLE OF BUDGETING
·         Melibatkan seluruh pegawai
·         Menghilangkan suasana penolakan
·         Terstruktur untuk enjamin tercapainya tujuan
·         Mempertimbangkan kondisi dan asumsi
·       Ada petunjuk yang jelas sehingga semua manajemen memiliki asumsi & tujuan yang sama
G.      CONTOH
Diketahui :
Franklin CO. Memproduksi produk A, B, C yang dipasarkan di 2 daerah Timur dan Barat.

produk
Sales
Harga ( $ per unit )
Timur (unit)
Barat (unit)
A
4000
3000
200
B
6000
5000
150
C
9000
6000
100
Inventories
Materials:

Material
Beg. Inv (unit)
End. Inv (unit)
Unit Cost

X
30.000
40.000
$1,00

Y
10.000
12.000
14,00

Z
2.000
2.500
2,50
Work in Process: tidak ada baik awal maupun akhir.
Finished Goods (FIFO):


Beg. Inv.
Unit in End. Inv

Produk
Unit
Unit Cost


A
200
$140
250

B
400
95
200

C
500
75
400













Materials Quantity Requirements and Unit Cost

Material

X
Y
Z
Produk A
12
5
2
Produk B
8
3
1
Produk C
6
2
1
Material unit cost
$1
$14
$2.5




Inventories
Materials:

Material
Beg. Inv (unit)
End. Inv (unit)
Unit Cost

X
30.000
40.000
$1,00

Y
10.000
12.000
14,00

Z
2.000
2.500
2,50
Work in Process: tidak ada baik awal maupun akhir.
Finished Goods (FIFO):


Beg. Inv.
Unit in End. Inv

Produk
Unit
Unit Cost


A
200
$140
250

B
400
95
200

C
500
75
400

Materials Quantity Requirements and Unit Cost

Material

X
Y
Z
Produk A
12
5
2
Produk B
8
3
1
Produk C
6
2
1
Material unit cost
$1
$14
$2.5

Labor Time Requirements and Departmental Labor Rate

Cutting (jam)
Assembling (jam)
Finishing (jam)
Produk A
0,500
2,50
0,8
Produk B
0,375
2,00
0,5
Produk C
0,375
1,75
0,5
Tarif per jam kerja
$8
$10
$9

Estimated Cutting Dept. Machine Time Required for Each Unit of Product

Produk A
Produk B
Produk C
Machine time (hours)
0,8
0,6
0,4

Commercial Expenses and Income Tax
Marketing expenses
:
$356,790

Administrative expenses
:
290,000

Income tax rate
:
40%



Budgeted Factory Overhead

Cutting Dept.
Assembling Dept.
Finishing Dept.

Fixed Cost
Variable rate (per jam mesin)
Fixed Cost
Variable rate (per labor hour)
Fixed Cost
Variable rate (per labor hour)
Indirect materials & supplies
$5,957
$.35
$9,949
$.50
$6,185
$.20
Indirect labor
25,000
.50
25,000
.20
22,000
1.00
Payroll taxes
13,030
.05
67,800
.02
56,585
.10
Employee fringe benefits
14,333
-
74,580
-
62,244
-
Equipment depreciation
5,000
-
-
-
2,000
-
Small tools
-
-
2,500
.25
-
-
Repairs and maintenance
2,000
.10
1,500
.10
1,500
.10
Allocated building costs
1,000
-
1,000
-
1,000
-
Allocated general factory cost
6,000
-
9,000
-
7,500
-


Franklin Company
Schedule 1 -- Sales Budget
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A

Wilayah

ProdukA

Timur
Barat
Total
  Unit
4.000
3.000
7.000
  Unit price
$         200
$         200
$         200
    Total
$   800,000
$   600,000
$1,400,000

ProdukB




  Unit
6.000
5.000
11.000
  Unit price
$         150
$         150
$         150
    Total
$   900,000
$   750,000
$1,650,000

ProdukC




  Unit
4.000
3.000
7.000
  Unit price
$         200
$         200
$         200
    Total
$   800,000
$   600,000
$1,500,000
Total Sales
$2,600,000
$1,950,000
$4,550,000

Franklin Company
Schedule 2 -- Production Budget
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A

Produk A

Produk B

Produk C
Unit required to meet sales budget (S.1)
7.000

11.000

15.000
Add desired ending inventory
250

200

400
Total units required
7.250

11.200

15.400
Less beginning inventory
200

400

500
Planned production for the year
7.050

10.800

14.900










Franklin Company

Schedule 3 – Direct Material Budget in Units

For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A


Material X

Material Y

Material Z

Produk A







Unit A to be manufactured (S.2)
7.050

7.050

7.050

Material quantity required per unit of A
12

5

2

Unit of materials required
84.600

35.250

14.100

Produk B







Unit A to be manufactured (S.2)
10.800

10.800

10.800

Material quantity required per unit of B
8

3

1

Unit of materials required
86.400

32.400

10.800

Produk C







Unit A to be manufactured (S.2)
14.900

14.900

14.900

Material quantity required per unit of C
6

2

1

Unit of materials required
89.400

29.800

14.900

   Total units of material required
260.400

97.450

39.800















Franklin Company
Schedule 4 – Purchases Budget
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A

Material X
Material Y
Material Z
Total
Unit required for production (S.3)
260.400
97.450
39.800

Add desired ending inventory
40.000
12.000
2.500

Quantity required
300.400
109.450
42.300

Less beginning inventory
30.000
10.000
2.000

Units to be purchased
270.400
99.450
40.300

Unit cost
$       1,0
$        14,0
$       2,5

Total cost of purchases
$270.400
$1.392.300
$100.750
$1.763.450

Franklin Company
Schedule 5 – Cost of Materials Required for Production Budget
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A

Material X
Material Y
Material Z
Total

Produk A





Unit required for production (S.3)
84.600
35.250
14.100

Unit cost
1,0
14,0
2.5

Total
$  84.600
$   493.500
$  35.250
$   613.350

Produk B





Unit required for production (S.3)
86.400
32.400
10.800

Unit cost
1,0
14,0
2.5

Total
$  86.400
$   453.600
$  27.000
$   567.000

Produk C





Unit required for production (S.3)
89.400
29.800
14.900

Unit cost
1,0
14,0
2.5

Total
$  89.400
$   417.200
$  37.250
$   543.850
Total cost of materials
$260.400
$1.364.300
$  99.500
$1.724.200

Direct Labor Budget
Franklin Company
Schedule 6 – Direckt Labor Budget
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A

Produk A
Produk B
Produk C
Total

Cutting Departement





Unit to be manufactured (S.2)
7.050
10.800
14.900

Hours required per unit
0,500
0,375
0,375

Total hours required
3.525
4.050
5.587,5
13.162,5
Departemental labor rate
$          8
$          8
$          8
$          8
Total departemental labor cost
$  28.200
$  32.400
$  44.700
$105.300





Assembling Departement





Unit to be manufactured (S.2)
7.050
10.800
14.900

Hours required per unit
2,50
2,00
1,75

Total hours required
17.625
21.600
26.075
65.300
Departemental labor rate
$        10
$        10
$        10
$        10
Total departemental labor cost
$  176.250
$  216.000
$  260.750
$653.000





Finishing Departement





Unit to be manufactured (S.2)
7.050
10.800
14.900

Hours required per unit
0,800
0,500
0,500

Total hours required
5.640
5.400
7.450
18.490
Departemental labor rate
$          9
$          9
$          9
$          9
Total departemental labor cost
$  50.760
$  48.600
$  67.050
$166.410
Total direct labor cost
$255.210
$297.000
$372.500
$924.710

Factory Overhead Budget
Franklin Company
Schedule 7 – Cutting Dept. Budgeted Machine Hours
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A

Produk A
Produk B
Produk C
Total
Unit to be manufactured (S.2)
7.050
10.800
14.900

Hours of machine time per unit
0,80
0,60
0,40

Total machine hours required
5.640
6.480
5.960
18.080

Franklin Company
Schedule 8 – Factory Overhead and Departmental Rates
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A

Fixed Cost
Variable Cost Rate
Budgeted Activity
Variable Cost
Total
Cutting Dept.





   Indirect materials & supplies
$5,957
$.35
18.080
$6.328
$12.285
   Indirect labor
25,000
.50
18.080
9.040
34.040
   Payroll taxes
13,030
.05
18.080
904
13.934
   Employee fringe benefits
14,333
-
-
-
14.333
   Equipment depreciation
5,000
-
-
-
5.000
   Repairs and maintenance
2,000
-
18.080
1.808
3.808
   Allocated building costs
1,000
.10
-
-
1.000
   Allocated general factory cost
6,000
-
-
-
6.000
   Total departmental FOH

-


$90.400
   Budgeted machine hour (S.7)




18.080
   Rate




$       5
Assembling Dept.





   Indirect materials & supplies
$9,949
$.50
65.300
$32.650
$42599
   Indirect labor
25,000
.20
65.300
13.060
38.060
   Payroll taxes
67,800
.02
65.300
1.306
69.106
   Employee fringe benefits
74,580
-
-
-
74.580
   Small tools
2,500
.25
65.300
16.325
18.825
   Repairs and maintenance
1,500
.10
65.300
6.530
8.030
   Allocated building costs
1,000
-
-
-
1.000
   Allocated general factory cost
9,000
-
-
-
9.000
   Total dept. FOH




$261.200
   Labor hours (S.6)




65.300
   Rate




$4
Finishing Dept.





   Indirect materials & supplies
$6,185
$.20
18.490
$  3.698
$   9.883
   Indirect labor
22,000
1.00
18.490
18.490
40.490
   Payroll taxes
56,585
.10
18.490
1.849
58.434
   Employee fringe benefits
62,244
-
-
-
62.244
   Equipment depreciation
2,000
-
-
-
2.000
   Repairs and maintenance
1,500
.10
18.490
1.849
3.349
   Allocated building costs
1,000
-
-
-
1.000
   Allocated general factory cost
7,500
-
-
-
7.500
   Total dept. FOH




$184.900
   Labor hours (S.6)




18.490
   Rate




$        10
Cutting dept. budgeted FOH




$  90.400
Ass. dept. budgeted FOH




261.200
Finishing dept. budgeted FOH




184.900
Total Budgeted FOH




$536.500

Franklin Company
Schedule 9 – Budgeted Unit Product Cost
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A

A input Quntity
Input unit cost
Cost per unit A
B input quantity
Input unit cost
Cost per unit A
Materials:






   X
12
$  1,0
$12
8
$  1,0
$  8,0
   Y
5
14
70
3
14,0
42,0
   Z
2
2,5
5
1
2,5
2,5
     Total


$87


$52,5
Direct labor:






   Cutting Dept.
0,5
$  8
$  4,0
0,375
$  8
$3,0
   Assembling Dept.
2,5
10
25,0
2,000
10
20
   Finishing Dept.
0,8
9
7,2
0,500
9
4,5
     Total


$36,2


$27,5
Applied overhead:






   Cutting Dept (MH basis)
0,8
$  5
$  4
0,6
$  5
$3
   Ass. Dept (DLH basis)
2,5
4
10
2,0
4
8
   Finish. Dept. (DLH basis)
0,8
10
8
0,5
10
5
     Total


$22


$16
Total Cost per unit


$145,2


$96

Franklin Company
Schedule 10 – Beginning and Ending Inventories Budget
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A

Beginning Inventory
Ending Inventory

Units
Cost
Total
Units
Cost
Total
Materials:






   X
30.000
$  1,0
$  30.000
40.000
$  1,0
$  40.000
   Y
10.000
14
140.000
12.000
14,0
168.000
   Z
2.000
2,5
5.000
2.500
2,5
6.250
     Total


$175.000


$214.250
Work in process: None
Finished goods:
   Produk A
200
$140
$28.000
250
$140
$36.300
   Produk B
400
95
38.000
200
95
19.200
   Produk C
500
75
37.500
400
75
30.200



$103.500


$85.700



$278.500


$299.950


Franklin Company
Schedule 11 – Budgeted Cost of Goods Manufactured and Sold Statement
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
Materials:

   Beginning inventory (S.10)
$     175.000
   Add purchases (S.4)
1.763.450
   Total mateials abailable for use
$1.938.450
   Less ending inventory (S.10)
214.250
   Cost of materials used (S.5)
$1.724.200
Direct labor (S.6)
924.710
Factory overhead (S.8)
536.500
Total manufacturing cost
$3.185.410
Add beginning finished goods inventory (S.10)
103.500
Cost of goods abailable for sale
$3.288.910
Less ending finished goods inventory (S.10)
85.700
Cost of goods sold
$3.203.210

Franklin Company
Schedule 12 – Budgeted Income Statement
For the Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
Sales (S.1)

$4.550.000
Cost of goods sold (S.11)

3.203.210
Gross profit

$1.346.790
Commercial expenses:


   Marketing expenses
$356.790

   Administrative expenses
290.000
646.790
Income before income tax

$700.000
Less provision for income tax 40%

280.000
Net income

$420.000




Sumber :
PPT budgeting : profits, sales, cost and expenses oleh Agung Dinarjito
Ringkasan Cost Accounting 13th ed, Charter and Usry, Bab 15 Budgeting : : profits, sales, cost and expenses

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